Blockchains & Chains

JuliaOS is designed as a comprehensive multi-chain platform, enabling agents and swarms to operate seamlessly across various blockchain ecosystems. The platform provides unified interfaces for interacting with different blockchains while abstracting away the underlying complexity.

Core Architecture

The blockchain integration in JuliaOS follows a layered architecture:

1. Blockchain.jl: Core module for low-level blockchain interactions

2. Chain-Specific Adapters: Specialized modules for each supported blockchain

3. Unified API: Common interface for cross-chain operations

4. Integration Modules: Connections to DEXes, bridges, and other blockchain services

Core Interaction (Blockchain.jl)

The primary interaction with blockchains happens through the /julia/src/Blockchain.jl module in the backend. This module acts as a low-level wrapper around JSON-RPC calls to blockchain nodes.

Key Responsibilities

• Connection Management: Establishing and maintaining connections to blockchain nodes

• Transaction Handling: Creating, signing, and broadcasting transactions

• Data Retrieval: Fetching on-chain data (balances, nonces, gas prices, block information)

• Contract Interaction: Executing read-only and state-changing contract calls

• Event Monitoring: Subscribing to and processing blockchain events

• Gas Estimation: Calculating appropriate gas parameters for transactions

• Error Handling: Managing blockchain-specific errors and retry mechanisms

Implementation Details

The Blockchain.jl module implements several key components:

• RPC Client: Handles HTTP/WebSocket communication with blockchain nodes

• Transaction Builder: Constructs and serializes transactions for different chains

• ABI Encoder/Decoder: Handles contract interface encoding/decoding for EVM chains

• Chain Registry: Maintains configuration for supported chains

• Connection Pool: Manages multiple connections for high-throughput operations

Supported Chains

JuliaOS provides comprehensive support for multiple blockchain networks:

EVM-Compatible Chains

Ethereum Ecosystem

• Ethereum Mainnet (ethereum)

  • Implementation: Full support for all Ethereum features

  • Features: Smart contracts, ERC standards, ENS integration

  • RPC Methods: Complete set of eth_* methods

  • Transaction Types: Legacy, EIP-1559, EIP-2930

• Ethereum Testnets

  • Sepolia (ethereum_sepolia)

  • Goerli (ethereum_goerli)

  • Holesky (ethereum_holesky)

Layer 2 Solutions

• Arbitrum (arbitrum)

  • Implementation: Full support for Arbitrum-specific features

  • Features: Lower fees, faster transactions, Nitro architecture

  • Variants: Arbitrum One, Arbitrum Nova, Arbitrum Sepolia

• Optimism (optimism)

  • Implementation: Full support for Optimism-specific features

  • Features: EVM equivalence, OP Stack, fault proofs

  • Variants: Optimism Mainnet, Optimism Sepolia

• Base (base)

  • Implementation: Full support for Base features

  • Features: OP Stack compatibility, Coinbase integration

  • Variants: Base Mainnet, Base Sepolia

Other EVM Chains

• Polygon (polygon)

  • Implementation: Full support for Polygon features

  • Features: PoS consensus, EVM compatibility, zkEVM integration

  • Variants: Polygon PoS, Polygon zkEVM, Mumbai testnet

• BNB Smart Chain (BSC) (bsc)

  • Implementation: Full support for BSC features

  • Features: High throughput, low fees, BNB ecosystem

  • Variants: BSC Mainnet, BSC Testnet

• Avalanche (avalanche)

  • Implementation: Support for C-Chain (EVM compatible)

  • Features: Subnet architecture, high throughput

  • Variants: Avalanche C-Chain, Fuji Testnet

• Fantom (fantom)

  • Implementation: Full support for Fantom Opera

  • Features: DAG-based consensus, high throughput

  • Variants: Fantom Opera, Fantom Testnet

Non-EVM Chains

• Solana (solana)

  • Implementation: Comprehensive support for Solana features

  • Features: SPL tokens, programs (smart contracts), high TPS

  • RPC Methods: Full set of Solana JSON-RPC methods

  • Transaction Handling: Transaction building, signing, and simulation

  • Variants: Solana Mainnet, Devnet, Testnet

• Aptos (aptos) - Experimental

  • Implementation: Basic support for core operations

  • Features: Move VM, parallel execution, strong security

• Sui (sui) - Experimental

  • Implementation: Basic support for core operations

  • Features: Object-centric model, Move VM, horizontal scaling

Chain Features

EVM Chain Features

• Smart Contract Interaction

  • ABI-based contract calls

  • Event monitoring and filtering

  • Contract deployment and verification

  • Gas optimization strategies

• Token Standards Support

  • ERC-20: Fungible tokens

  • ERC-721: Non-fungible tokens

  • ERC-1155: Multi-token standard

  • ERC-4626: Tokenized vaults

• Transaction Management

  • Nonce management and synchronization

  • Gas price strategies (base fee + priority fee)

  • Transaction replacement and cancellation

  • Batch transactions for efficiency

Solana Features

• Program Interaction

  • Instruction building and execution

  • Account data deserialization

  • Program deployment and upgrades

• Token Support

  • SPL Token operations

  • Token minting and burning

  • Token account management

  • Metadata handling

• Transaction Management

  • Transaction simulation

  • Fee calculation and prioritization

  • Versioned transactions

  • Lookup tables for efficiency

Configuration

Connectivity to these chains requires setting the appropriate RPC endpoint URLs in your root .env file:

# Ethereum and L2s
ETHEREUM_RPC_URL=https://eth-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY
ETHEREUM_SEPOLIA_RPC_URL=https://eth-sepolia.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY
ARBITRUM_RPC_URL=https://arb-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY
OPTIMISM_RPC_URL=https://opt-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY
BASE_RPC_URL=https://mainnet.base.org

# Other EVM Chains
POLYGON_RPC_URL=https://polygon-mainnet.g.alchemy.com/v2/YOUR_API_KEY
BSC_RPC_URL=https://bsc-dataseed.binance.org
AVALANCHE_RPC_URL=https://api.avax.network/ext/bc/C/rpc
FANTOM_RPC_URL=https://rpc.ftm.tools

# Non-EVM Chains
SOLANA_RPC_URL=https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com
APTOS_RPC_URL=https://fullnode.mainnet.aptoslabs.com/v1
SUI_RPC_URL=https://fullnode.mainnet.sui.io:443

The Blockchain.connect(network=...) function uses these variables to establish connections.

Using Blockchain Features

From Julia

# Example of using the Blockchain.jl module directly
using JuliaOS.Blockchain

# Connect to Ethereum
eth_connection = Blockchain.connect("ethereum")

# Get ETH balance
balance = Blockchain.get_balance(eth_connection, "0x1234...")
println("ETH Balance: ", balance)

# Call a contract method (read-only)
result = Blockchain.call_contract(
    eth_connection,
    "0xContractAddress...",
    "balanceOf(address)",  # Method signature
    ["0x1234..."]  # Arguments
)
println("Token Balance: ", result)

# Prepare a transaction
unsigned_tx = Blockchain.prepare_transaction(
    eth_connection,
    "0xContractAddress...",
    "transfer(address,uint256)",  # Method signature
    ["0xRecipient...", 1000000000000000000],  # Arguments (1 ETH in wei)
    Dict("from" => "0x1234...")
)

# The transaction would then be signed and sent

From TypeScript/JavaScript

// Example using the framework
import { JuliaBridge } from '@juliaos/julia-bridge';
import { Blockchain } from '@juliaos/framework';

async function interactWithBlockchain() {
  const bridge = new JuliaBridge({ host: 'localhost', port: 8052 });
  await bridge.initialize();

  const blockchain = new Blockchain(bridge);

  // Get supported chains
  const supportedChains = await blockchain.getSupportedChains();
  console.log('Supported chains:', supportedChains);

  // Get ETH balance
  const balance = await blockchain.getBalance({
    chain: 'ethereum',
    address: '0x1234...'
  });
  console.log('ETH Balance:', balance);

  // Call a contract method (read-only)
  const tokenBalance = await blockchain.callContract({
    chain: 'ethereum',
    contract: '0xContractAddress...',
    method: 'balanceOf(address)',
    args: ['0x1234...']
  });
  console.log('Token Balance:', tokenBalance);

  // Prepare a transaction
  const unsignedTx = await blockchain.prepareTransaction({
    chain: 'ethereum',
    contract: '0xContractAddress...',
    method: 'transfer(address,uint256)',
    args: ['0xRecipient...', '1000000000000000000'],  // 1 ETH in wei
    from: '0x1234...'
  });

  // The transaction would then be signed and sent using a wallet
}

From Python

import asyncio
from juliaos import JuliaOS

async def interact_with_blockchain():
    juliaos_client = JuliaOS(host="localhost", port=8052)
    await juliaos_client.connect()

    # Get supported chains
    supported_chains = await juliaos_client.blockchain.get_supported_chains()
    print(f"Supported chains: {supported_chains}")

    # Get ETH balance
    balance = await juliaos_client.blockchain.get_balance(
        chain="ethereum",
        address="0x1234..."
    )
    print(f"ETH Balance: {balance}")

    # Call a contract method (read-only)
    token_balance = await juliaos_client.blockchain.call_contract(
        chain="ethereum",
        contract="0xContractAddress...",
        method="balanceOf(address)",
        args=["0x1234..."]
    )
    print(f"Token Balance: {token_balance}")

    # Prepare a transaction
    unsigned_tx = await juliaos_client.blockchain.prepare_transaction(
        chain="ethereum",
        contract="0xContractAddress...",
        method="transfer(address,uint256)",
        args=["0xRecipient...", "1000000000000000000"],  # 1 ETH in wei
        from_address="0x1234..."
    )

    # The transaction would then be signed and sent using a wallet

    await juliaos_client.disconnect()

asyncio.run(interact_with_blockchain())

Advanced Features

Multi-Chain Operations

JuliaOS supports executing operations across multiple chains simultaneously:

# Execute operations on multiple chains
results = Blockchain.multi_chain_operation(
    ["ethereum", "polygon", "arbitrum"],
    (connection) -> Blockchain.get_gas_price(connection)
)

println("Gas prices:")
for (chain, price) in zip(["ethereum", "polygon", "arbitrum"], results)
    println("$chain: $price")
end

Event Monitoring

JuliaOS can monitor blockchain events in real-time:

# Monitor events from a contract
subscription = Blockchain.subscribe_to_events(
    eth_connection,
    "0xContractAddress...",
    "Transfer(address,address,uint256)",  # Event signature
    Dict("fromBlock" => "latest")
)

# Process events as they arrive
Blockchain.on_event(subscription) do event
    println("Transfer detected:")
    println("  From: ", event["args"]["from"])
    println("  To: ", event["args"]["to"])
    println("  Amount: ", event["args"]["value"])
end

Chain Switching

JuliaOS can dynamically switch between chains:

# Switch to a different chain
polygon_connection = Blockchain.switch_chain(eth_connection, "polygon")

# Now use the new connection
polygon_balance = Blockchain.get_balance(polygon_connection, "0x1234...")
println("Polygon Balance: ", polygon_balance)

Extending Chain Support

Adding support for a new blockchain involves several steps:

1. Add Chain Configuration:

   • Add the chain name to SUPPORTED_CHAINS in Blockchain.jl

   • Add chain-specific parameters (chain ID, block time, etc.)

   • Configure RPC endpoint environment variable

2. Implement Chain Adapter:

   • Create a new adapter module if the chain uses a different architecture

   • Implement chain-specific RPC methods

   • Add transaction serialization/deserialization logic

3. Update Integration Points:

   • Add support in DEX.jl if DEX integration is needed

   • Add support in Bridge.jl for cross-chain operations

   • Update wallet integration for the new chain

4. Add Tests:

   • Create unit tests for the new chain adapter

   • Test basic operations (balance checking, transactions)

   • Test integration with other components

5. Update Documentation:

   • Add the new chain to the documentation

   • Document any chain-specific features or limitations

Chain Selection Guidelines

When selecting chains for your JuliaOS application, consider:

• Transaction Costs: Different chains have different fee structures

• Speed: Block times and confirmation requirements vary

• Security: Consider the security model and history of the chain

• Feature Support: Some chains support advanced features like zero-knowledge proofs

• Ecosystem: Consider the available DEXes, bridges, and other services

• Liquidity: Important for trading and DeFi applications

JuliaOS provides tools to help select the optimal chain for specific operations based on these factors.